A. 表顺次 、 先后
- 首先，第一：first and foremost, initially, to begin with, to start with;
- 其次，第二 ，第三，第四：furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides
- 最后：finally; last but not least
B. 表因果
He failed to attend the party because / in that he was sick.
= Because of / Owing to / Due to[1] the fact that he was sick, he failed to attend the party.
= He was sick, so / hence / consequently / therefore / thus / accordingly he failed to attend the party.
= Being sick, he failed to attend the party.
= He was sick, and therefore / thus / as a consequence / as a result / in consequence, he failed to attend the party.[2]
= The reason why he failed to attend the party was that he was ill.
= His illness resulted in/led to/meant his absence from the party.
The main reason why… is (that) … 子句 ...的主要理由是...
The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse.
C. 表转折（让步）
Although/Though he was tired, he went on working.
= Tired as/though he was, he went on working.
= He was tired, but he went on working.
= He was tired. However, he went on working.
= He was tired. Nevertheless he went on working.
= In spite of/Despite his tireness, he went on working.
= In spite of/Despite the fact that he was tired, he went on working.
= Regardless of his tiredness, he went on working.
阐述观点
我深信；就我的看法；我认为
例句：
Personally, I am inclined to the view that ...
I am greatly convinced/ assured (that) ...
I am convinced that ...
As far as my knowledge is concerned, …
From my point of view, …
From where I stand, …
In this way, I believe (that) ...
I am of the opinion that ...
As far as I am concerned, …
In my opinion, …
总结观点
因此 ， 基于以上讨论 ， 我们很容易得出...的结论
词组：in conclusion, to sum up, in a nutshell, in closing, to summarize, all in all, by and large, on balance
例句：
In conclusion, I reiterate that ...
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion (that)
Based on the discussion above, it is easy for us to draw the conclusion that…..
According to the statistics provided by..., it can be seen that...
There is good/sufficient evidence to show that...
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion (that)
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world.
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty.
From what has been discussed above / taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at / draw / come to / reach the conclusion that ...
D. 数量词及程度词
| 程度 | 词语 |
|---|---|
| 0% | none |
| hardly any | |
| a few / a little , not many / much , a small number of | |
| some / several, a handful of, a sack of(一袋), | |
| loads of+[C/UC], a lot of, lots of, plenty , much/many , a good deal of+[UC] , a quantity of+[C/UC], a stack of(一堆) | |
| most , almost all , the vast majority of, a hoard of(一批,一堆) | |
| 100% | all |
E. 高级词汇
| 单词/词组 | 释义 | 单词/词组 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| arise from | 由 引起 | globalization | 全球化 |
| assess | 评估，评价 | guarantee | 保证 |
| by no means | 绝不 | illustrate | 阐述 |
| circumstance | 情况 | In contemporary society | 在当今社会 |
| comprehensive | 综合的 | indifferent | 冷漠的 |
| conquer | 克服 | innovation | 发明,创新 |
| constantly | 不断地 | miracle | 奇迹 |
| controversial | 有争议的 | on account of/ in view of | 鉴于， 由于 |
| conventional | 传统的,惯例的,常见的 | on one’s own account | 为了某人自己的利益 |
| cultivate | 培养 | profound | 深远的,深刻的，深奥的 |
| dilemma | 困境 | prospective | 未来的,有前途的 |
| diligent | 勤奋的 | prosperous | 繁荣的 |
| dominant | 支配的 | reach a consensus | 达成共识 |
| drawback | 缺点 | stimulate | 刺激 |
| emphasize | 强调，重视 | sustainable development | 可持续发展 |
| essentially | 本质上 | trend | 趋势，趋向，潮流 |
| excessive | 过多的 | ultimately | 最终地 |
| extensive | 广泛的 | underestimate | 低估 |
| frankly | 说实话 | urbanization | 城市化 |
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